The Republic was established in
Portugal on 5th October, 1910. With it the monarchial rule came to
an end. The church was separated from the State. The Hindus of Goa
gained religious freedom at par with the Christains for the first
time under the Portuguese. A charter was proclaimed in 1917 granting
autonomy to Portuguese India. An Advisory Council consisting of nine
nominated officials with the Governor as its President. On 1st July,
1918, this Council was suspended There was great protest all around
and a mass rally was held in Margoa. In 1920, the Council was formed
with seven nominated government officials and eleven members elected
by the people. The Council was called the Legislative Council. When
dictatorship was declared in Portugal by Salazar in May 28, 1926,
once again the Government of the Portuguese Dictator brought
repression in Goa. A number of curbs were imposed on civil
liberties. The press was severely restricted. However, it was very
difficult to turn the clock back. The Goa Congress Committee was
formed in 1930. It secretly sent representatives to the Annual
Session of 
the Indian National Congress. In 1936, a branch was
formed in Bombay of the Goa Congress. The Quit India Movement in
1942 had its parallel in the Quit Goa Movement. On 18th June, 1945,
Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia addressed a meeting in Margoa. This gave a big
momentum to the freedom movement in Goa. In 1946, Gandhiji appealed
to the Portuguese government to accept the reality and come to
honorable terms with the people of Goa. In August 1946, a meeting
was held at Londa of Goan political workers. A movement was. Started
of mass Civil Disobedience and enmasse defiance of prohibitory
orders. Hundreds of people were, arrested and tried by Military
Tribunals. The leaders were sentenced to 8 years imprisonment and
deported. The satyagrahis were imprisoned for 6 months. In this
movement, over 1500 persons were arrested and held in detention. In
1947, repression reached new heights and European troops were
brought in to supress the freedom movement. An Azad Gomantak Dal was
formed to start an armed struggle for freedom against Portugal. The
movement thus went underground. A large number of Goan political
leaders were arrested between 1947 and 1953, for offering Satyagraha
on 15th August, 2nd October, etc. They were sentenced to
imprisonments varying from 15 to 28 years and deported. The Goa
Congress held yearly sessions and passed resolutions of independence
and integration with India.
At the same time, the militant wing, the Azad Gomantak Dal, attacked
Police posts, cut telephone wires and. disrupted the traffic. The
volunteers who were caught by the Portuguese were sentenced to 28
years imprisonment and deported. The Azad Gomantak Dal continued its
struggle till 1961. In 1953, the negotiations broke down between the
Government of India and Portugal regarding transfer of Goa. The
Indian Mission was withdrawn from 11th June 1953 Bombay then became
the focal point for Goa's freedom. A Goa Action Committee was formed
in Bombay in 1953 merging the various nationalistic parties. In June
1954 , the Goa Liberation Council was set up in Bombay. In 1954, a
Radio Station was set up to counteract the Portuguese propaganda.
Indian newspapers as well as Goa newspapers gave wide publicity to
the freedom Struggle. In early 1954, a prominent doctor of Mapusa
was arrested and depork d along with his Portuguese wife for making
some comments in a party. A series of protests meetings were held
all over on this incident. A protest note also went from the
Government of India about repressive measures against Goans for
professing pro India sentiments. Later, the same year in June, 75
eminent Goans were detained as a security measure so that the
protest Satyagraha slated for 15th August should fail. On that day,
three batches of Satyagrahis entered Goa from India. They were all
arrested. The local poulace also organized Satyagrahis in Pernem,
Parcem, Quepem, Zambaulim, Lohem and Poinginim throughout August
till November. Hundreds were arrested and imprisoned.
Political workers of a new Organization called United Front of Goans
entered the village of Dadra near Daman on the night of 21st July,
1954. Ten days later, volunteers of this Organization occupied and
liberated Nagar Haveli and Silvassa. By 11th August, the liberation
of Nagar Haveli was completed. The Portuguese Administrator of Nagar
Haveli crossed over to India. During 1955, the Azad Gomantak Dal
continued their attacks on police outposts and many volunteers
sacrificed their lives. In 1955, Indian volunteers participated for
the first time directly along with the Goan volunteers. The leader
of the 6th batch of volunteers from India was put to death by the
Portuguese. Two more Indian volunteers were put to death a few days
later while crossing the border. On 15th August 1955, over 4000
volunteers cross the borders of Goa. The Portuguese police opened
fire and it is reported that 32 persons lost their lives and 225
were injured. This obviously caused great resentment in India. About
1200 volunteers entered into Daman and when the Portuguese police
opened fire, one volunteer was killed and three injured. At this
stage, the Government of India imposed a ban on entry of volunteers
into Goa. The Consulate General of India in Goa was closed down on
1st September, 1955,severing diplomatic relations between the two
countries. The Government of India also declared that it was its
responsibility to liberate the Portuguese pockets in India. In 1955,
Portugal filed in the International Court of Justice in Hague a
right of passage case against India. This case continued till April
1960 when the claim of Portugal was rejected. In August, 1961, the
enclaves
