History of Goa

Temples at Degamve (Sampagaon). She also founded many Centres of learning. We knows about the reign of Permadi from the inscription at Siddapur (Sampagaon) of A.D. 1158. We also have the inscription in the Nrishimha Temple of Halshir (Khanapur Taluka) dated A.D. 117172 and the Deganve (Sampagaon) inscription dated A.D. 1174. Various grants made by him are noted in these inscriptions. He remained loyal to the Chalukyas till the Kalachuris brought their down fall about A.D. 1156. Later on, he seems to have declared independence. There was prosperity and Trade and Commerce flourished during his period. His brother Vijayaditya II (118088 A.D.) took over the reins of Government on his death. As mentioned earlier, he was jointly ruling with his elder brother till about A.D. 1180. The times were turbulent with both the Kalachuri and the Hoysalas divvying for supremacy. Later on, the Yadavas and the Hoysalas struggled for power after the Hoysalas defeated the Kalachuris. The Goa Kadambas were considerably weakened during the reign of Vijayaditya II.

Jayakeshi III (118687 to 1216 A.D.) succeeded Vijayaditya II. A stone in­scription in the Prince of Wales Mu­seum dated 1185—86 indicates this. We also have the Kirihalasinge (near Khanpur) copper plate dated A.D. 118687; the Hanagudi (Dharwad Ta­luka) stone inscription dated 118889 A.D.; The Kittur (Sampagaon) stone inscription dated 118889 A.D. and the Copper Plate grant dated A.D. 1209. All these give us details of grants made by him as well as other details of his reign. A stone inscription in the fort Dodvad (Sampagaon) states that Viravajradeva the son of Jayakeshi III who was ruling co jointly with him, died in a fierce battle. He was suc­ceeded by his brother Tribhuvanamalla alias Sovideva.

Sovideva (121238 A.D.), seems to have ruled independently till the Yadavas Emperor Singhana II ex tended the Empire. About 1220 A.D. Sovideva seems to have lost his king dom to the Yadavas. From the Kasar pale plates we learn that for about 12 years, the Kadamjba Kingdom was ruled by the Yadavas. After this period, Sovideva was reinstated Shasthadeva III (A.D. 124764) succeeded Sovideva about A.D. 1247. We have the Goa plates of Shashthadeva dated A.D. 1250. The Bandora (Goa) Gadivare copper plate dated A.D. 1262 and a stone inscription at Bankapur (Dharwad) dated A.D. 126364. The plates and inscriptions give us details of grants made by him as well as the extent of his area and rule.

The Kadambas Rule in Goa seems to have ended a little later after Kamadev (12621300 A.D.) who seems to have married a daughter of So­videva. It was during this period that Allauddin Khilji invaded and extracted tribute from Ramchander, the Yadava King of Devagiri. Finally, Malik Kafur invaded the Deccan and the Kadam­bas rule ended in Goa around 1312 A.D. It is possible that the Kadambas regained, their lost kingdom during 13271336 A.D. Ibu Batuta records that the Nawab of Honavar invaded in 1342 A.D. and sacked Chandrapur, but was perhaps finally defeated by the Ka­dambas. The Corgao copper plate of 1351 A.D. records that King Bhimabhupal was ruling over Konkan from Govapuri. So perhaps the kings of this family ruled over portions of Goa during that period. In Deccan at this time the Vijayanagar Empire and the Bahmani Kingdom were founded. Parts of Goa by 1347 A.D. were in­cluded in the Vijayanagar Empire. A portion became part of the Bahmani Kingdom. The two kingdoms were at constant warefarawith each other. In 1368 A.D., Bukka I (135079 A.D.) of Vijayanagar was defeated by the Bah­mani King Muhammed Shah (135875 A.D.). Goa seems to have been devas­tated by the Muhammedans. Goa was captured by Madhax, in April 1380 A.D. from the Bahmani Kingdom. Af­ter this annexation of Goa territory to the Vijayanagar Empire, Govapuri was made the capital and Madhav is re­ferred to as 'Lord of Goa' in an in­scription of 1389 A.D. For about 50 years, Madhav dominated Goa. When he was made a Ruler, Narahari Mantri was made Viceroy of Goa in April 1391 A.D. In 1395 A.D. he was suc­ceeded by a Brahmin of Atreyagotra called Baichanna Vodeyar. Konkan was consolidated by him and he ex­tended the Vijayanagar rule to Belgaum district and parts of Kolhapur district. A stone inscription of 1425 A.D. records the grants made by the Vijayanagar Emperor. Various admin­istrators of Goa are mentioned as Vice­roy of Goa. After 1450 A.D., no docu­ment mentions the names of any Vice­roy of Goa. It seems that from this period till the conquest of Goa by the Bahmani ruler in 1472 A.D. Goa was ruled by independent Naiks like the other outside districts of Vijayanagar Empire.

The Bahmani Kings tried three times to conquer Goa in the 15th Century. In 1429 A.D., Maliku Sujja conquered Goa and the Konkan Chiefs accepted the Bahmani Supermacy. Five years later the Raygad and Vishalgad chiefs again became independent. In 1436 A.D., there was a second expedition of the Bahmanis which brought these chiefs in subjugation again but this was once again a shortlived affair. In 1453 A.D., there was another expedi­tion and the Forts above the Sahyadris were captured. However, the Ma­ratha Chief regrouped and the Mus­lim army was defeated. The local chiefs gathered large fleets and regularly plundered the Mecca pilgrims and the trade ships. The Bahmani Emperor sent an expedition against Goa in A.D. 1469 under Mahmud Gawan. It took 3 years to subdue Goa. Finally after the Forts around were conquered. Goa was at­tacked. It was annexed to the Bahmani Kingdom in 1472 A.D. The seasaw struggle between the Vijayanagar Empire and the Bahmani Kingdom continued and Goa was affected by it. In 1472 A.D., the Vijayanagar ar­mies tried to regain their lost terri­tory. However, they lost the impor­tant fortress of Belgaum instead to the Bahmani armies. Gawan who was a very able Minister divided the Bah­mani Kingdom into eight provinces. The area from Junnar to Goa comprised one of these provinces. After 1485 A.D., a number of hill forts were subjugated by the Bahmani armies. Around 1490 A.D., the Governor of Konkan Bahadur Gilani declared independence. In 1439 A.D., he was defeated and killed by Yusuf Adil Khan of Bijapur who was sent with an army by Mahmud Shah Bahmani. When the Bahmani Kingdom broke up into 4 Kingdom, Goa became a part of the Bijapur.